Anonymous wrote:The caliphate was tolerant of other religions partly because the Muslim conquerors had expanded so fast, across North Africa and into Asia, that they were minorities, or at least not overwhelming majorities, in many of the lands they had conquered just a few hundred years ago. It would have been political suicide to try to impose a strict form of their religion on everybody under those circumstances, even if they had wanted to. Also, it was pragmatic to allow talented non-believers to rise in government. Much of this need for restraint no longer exists today.
Yes to the flowering of literature and sciences, much more than Europe before the Renaissance. Historians no longer talk about a European Dark Ages, because there is lots of evidence that intellectual pursuits continued throughout, but much of the learning came from trade with Muslims.
That's not true. The caliphate was tolerant of other religions because they Wanted to be, and above all because that is what is dictated by the Qu'ran. They were not minorities over a course of centuries, they could have dictated whatever laws they wanted had they chose to do so. Umar's treaty when he conquered Jerusalem is seen today by far as one of the most progressive treaties in History and one of the first and most significant guarantees of religious freedom in history. Part of it reads:
In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This is the assurance of safety which the servant of God, Umar, the Commander of the Faithful, has given to the people of Jerusalem. He has given them an assurance of safety for themselves for their property, their churches, their crosses, the sick and healthy of the city and for all the rituals which belong to their religion. Their churches will not be inhabited by Muslims and will not be destroyed. Neither they, nor the land on which they stand, nor their cross, nor their property will be damaged. They will not be forcibly converted. No Jew will live with them in Jerusalem.
The people of Jerusalem must pay the taxes like the people of other cities and must expel the Byzantines and the robbers. Those of the people of Jerusalem who want to leave with the Byzantines, take their property and abandon their churches and crosses will be safe until they reach their place of refuge. The villagers may remain in the city if they wish but must pay taxes like the citizens. Those who wish may go with the Byzantines and those who wish may return to their families. Nothing is to be taken from them before their harvest is reaped.
The Muslim conquest of Jerusalem under Umar in 637 was clearly an important moment in the city’s history. For the next 462 years, it would be ruled by Muslims, with religious freedom for minorities protected according to the Treaty of Umar.
The Caliph is not appointed by God rather he is elected by the people and assumes authority through the bayah contract. Without this bayah he cannot be the head of state. This is totally opposite to the post of a King or Dictator who imposes his authority on the people through coercion and force. Non-Muslims are referred to as dhimmi (people of contract) in the Caliphate, which means they enjoy the full rights of citizenship.
Imam Qarafi (Classical Islamic Scholar) summed up the responsibility of the Caliphate to the dhimmi when he said:
The covenant of protection imposes upon us certain obligations toward the ahl al-dhimmah. They are our neighbours, under our shelter and protection upon the guarantee of Allah, His Messenger (Allah bless him and give him peace), and the religion of Islam. Whoever violates these obligations against any one of them by so much as an abusive word, by slandering his reputation, or by doing him some injury or assisting in it, has breached the guarantee of Allah, His Messenger (Allah bless him and give him peace), and the religion of Islam. [Shaha al-Deen al-Qarafi, Al-furuq]
The Caliphate cannot force or pressurise any non-Muslim to become Muslim. Churches, Synagogues and Temples are all protected by the Caliphate. Those who follow a religion can practise their religion without interference or harassment from the police and authorities. The government will not threaten to close places of worship or spy on the worshippers and sermons as the British government is doing.
Historically, when the Caliphate was ruling Jerusalem , it protected the holiest Church in Christianity. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The keys to this church have been held for centuries by the Nusseibeh Muslim family who until today still open and close the doors on a daily basis.
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