It's (finally) time for reparations. It's time for the US to pay its debt.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

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Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:How much do people think they should get in reparations? How "black" does one need to be to get reparations? If I have a great great grandparent that was black, does that mean I get reparations even if I have a Chinese grandparent and three seemingly white other grandparents? Are we going to genetically test people?

She addresses eligibility in her essay.

Perhaps you can share that information then because doing a find on “eligibility” turns up nothing. Again, how much MONEY do you want?

Perhaps you can read it.

It’s a freaking manifesto that’s way TLDR.

It’s filled with great points and data that everyone should read.

But I think that reparations paid to people who are not the ones who were injured is morally and ethically wrong. She doesn't convince me that it is the moral thing to do.

There are social and utilitarian reasons to help black Americans including by such efforts as affirmative action (which has varied over the decades) and preferential hiring as well as the programs for all Americans including public education, welfare, Medicaid and Medicare and Social Security, etc. But targeted reparations to people who were harmed by slavery/the failure of Reconstruction/Jim Crow/redlining/racial discrimination is a mushy concept that is problematic for many reasons, practical (which can be overcome) and ethical.

I disagree with her premise.

Black people in the US today ARE harmed all of the various forms of white supremacy over the past 400 years - from slavery to Jim Crow to redlining to systemic racism.

Time to make amends.

You personally are not harmed by things that happened 400 years ago. Systemic racism TODAY does harm you. I think this is an important distinction that the premise of "reparations" obscures.

“Things” started 400 years ago and continue today. White supremacy has evolved over time but has always existed in various ways that harm black people. Even today.

Lot's of "things" started 400 or more years ago and continue today. Four hundred years ago, my ancestors were living in ghettos and forbidden to own property. Where is my reparation? Also 400 years ago, West Africans sold their fellow West Africans into slavery. So do you now collect from West African nations? Or, since black lives here are generally better than there, do you pay them? The wealth of every American today derived from land origonally owned by Indians. After we pay blacks for slavery, do we all give our land back to the Indians?

I could go on and on. I know a lot about history. I love to study it. It's mostly a story of misery, conflict and cruel mistakes. You'd be surprised what sort of things still have an effect today. It's good to learn about these things. But we can't make up for one single second of past misery. We can only fix the present.

If you know history, you should know that Native Americans believed that land owns man and not the other way around.

That doesn't mean they wanted to be forcibly moved, then or now.

How do you give land to a group of people that don't believe in land ownership? I'm sure a modern Native American would take it but the reason they were relocated was because their ancestors didn't lay claim to any ownership of the land they were living on.

Right, so because they didn't even believe in land ownership, that gave us a right to lay claim to their villages and hunting grounds, shoot them, push them ever westward, break treaties with them, and force them onto reservations where they rot in perpetual poverty.

But Oprah still deserves a cash payment, a free house or whatever.

Don't you see the ethical problem in trying to fix present problems using past claims?

But the past sins have "residual harm" that manifest as present problems.

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

So it is just a language issue for you? You are OK eliminating the wealth gap and "fixing residual issues" for black people as long as we don't mention the 400 years of atrocities?

I think it's great to talk about the history. And yes I am okay with correcting present inequalities. But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago. I have two reasons to avoid the linkage:
1) A PP is trying to argue that UMC blacks deserve reparations because they could have been in the 1% if history were different. Sorry no. If history were different, I too could have been in the 1%. So could everyone else. If you are economically successful today, you don't get cash just because you earned your money rather than inherited it. This is different from ending systemic racism, like when a rich black man is stopped for driving a BMW.
2) There is poverty among white people too. Less prevalent, less noticeable, less severe, but it exists. These people deserve help as well. It's not just racism that holds people back. There is also classism.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:How much do people think they should get in reparations? How "black" does one need to be to get reparations? If I have a great great grandparent that was black, does that mean I get reparations even if I have a Chinese grandparent and three seemingly white other grandparents? Are we going to genetically test people?

She addresses eligibility in her essay.

Perhaps you can share that information then because doing a find on “eligibility” turns up nothing. Again, how much MONEY do you want?

Perhaps you can read it.

It’s a freaking manifesto that’s way TLDR.

It’s filled with great points and data that everyone should read.

But I think that reparations paid to people who are not the ones who were injured is morally and ethically wrong. She doesn't convince me that it is the moral thing to do.

There are social and utilitarian reasons to help black Americans including by such efforts as affirmative action (which has varied over the decades) and preferential hiring as well as the programs for all Americans including public education, welfare, Medicaid and Medicare and Social Security, etc. But targeted reparations to people who were harmed by slavery/the failure of Reconstruction/Jim Crow/redlining/racial discrimination is a mushy concept that is problematic for many reasons, practical (which can be overcome) and ethical.

I disagree with her premise.

Black people in the US today ARE harmed all of the various forms of white supremacy over the past 400 years - from slavery to Jim Crow to redlining to systemic racism.

Time to make amends.

You personally are not harmed by things that happened 400 years ago. Systemic racism TODAY does harm you. I think this is an important distinction that the premise of "reparations" obscures.

“Things” started 400 years ago and continue today. White supremacy has evolved over time but has always existed in various ways that harm black people. Even today.

Lot's of "things" started 400 or more years ago and continue today. Four hundred years ago, my ancestors were living in ghettos and forbidden to own property. Where is my reparation? Also 400 years ago, West Africans sold their fellow West Africans into slavery. So do you now collect from West African nations? Or, since black lives here are generally better than there, do you pay them? The wealth of every American today derived from land origonally owned by Indians. After we pay blacks for slavery, do we all give our land back to the Indians?

I could go on and on. I know a lot about history. I love to study it. It's mostly a story of misery, conflict and cruel mistakes. You'd be surprised what sort of things still have an effect today. It's good to learn about these things. But we can't make up for one single second of past misery. We can only fix the present.

If you know history, you should know that Native Americans believed that land owns man and not the other way around.

That doesn't mean they wanted to be forcibly moved, then or now.

How do you give land to a group of people that don't believe in land ownership? I'm sure a modern Native American would take it but the reason they were relocated was because their ancestors didn't lay claim to any ownership of the land they were living on.

Right, so because they didn't even believe in land ownership, that gave us a right to lay claim to their villages and hunting grounds, shoot them, push them ever westward, break treaties with them, and force them onto reservations where they rot in perpetual poverty.

But Oprah still deserves a cash payment, a free house or whatever.

Don't you see the ethical problem in trying to fix present problems using past claims?

But the past sins have "residual harm" that manifest as present problems.

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

So it is just a language issue for you? You are OK eliminating the wealth gap and "fixing residual issues" for black people as long as we don't mention the 400 years of atrocities?

I think it's great to talk about the history. And yes I am okay with correcting present inequalities. But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago. I have two reasons to avoid the linkage:
1) A PP is trying to argue that UMC blacks deserve reparations because they could have been in the 1% if history were different. Sorry no. If history were different, I too could have been in the 1%. So could everyone else. If you are economically successful today, you don't get cash just because you earned your money rather than inherited it. This is different from ending systemic racism, like when a rich black man is stopped for driving a BMW.
2) There is poverty among white people too. Less prevalent, less noticeable, less severe, but it exists. These people deserve help as well. It's not just racism that holds people back. There is also classism.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

This.

First of all, the US should pay significant reparations to 150+ countries around the world.

And of course return significant portions of its territory to Mexico, Russia, France and Spain.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:Again guys, please realize the Blacks never asked for reparations. The American Government suggested this. Blacks are simply asking for what’s owed to them from government.

What if you were promised something that you never received. Wouldn’t you fight for it?

Even if what you say is true, the fight that you wish for should have been fought by your ancestors not you more than a hundred years later.

Hard to fight when you are busy sharecropping, avoiding a lynching or having your town - Tulsa - destroyed.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

Ok, but black people face unique challenges in the US today because of the last 400 years of oppression.

Poor black people have more trauma and barriers than poor white people.

I disagree. They face unique challenges because of today's oppression. Is George Floyd dead because his great grandfather was a slave, or because a cop put a knee on his neck? Is it harder for a black person to buy a house today because of slavery or because they can't get a loan?
History may explain why these things happen, but it doesn't cause them. What we do right now causes today's problems. And the solutions are all right now as well.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:How much do people think they should get in reparations? How "black" does one need to be to get reparations? If I have a great great grandparent that was black, does that mean I get reparations even if I have a Chinese grandparent and three seemingly white other grandparents? Are we going to genetically test people?

She addresses eligibility in her essay.

Perhaps you can share that information then because doing a find on “eligibility” turns up nothing. Again, how much MONEY do you want?

Perhaps you can read it.

It’s a freaking manifesto that’s way TLDR.

It’s filled with great points and data that everyone should read.

But I think that reparations paid to people who are not the ones who were injured is morally and ethically wrong. She doesn't convince me that it is the moral thing to do.

There are social and utilitarian reasons to help black Americans including by such efforts as affirmative action (which has varied over the decades) and preferential hiring as well as the programs for all Americans including public education, welfare, Medicaid and Medicare and Social Security, etc. But targeted reparations to people who were harmed by slavery/the failure of Reconstruction/Jim Crow/redlining/racial discrimination is a mushy concept that is problematic for many reasons, practical (which can be overcome) and ethical.

I disagree with her premise.

Black people in the US today ARE harmed all of the various forms of white supremacy over the past 400 years - from slavery to Jim Crow to redlining to systemic racism.

Time to make amends.

You personally are not harmed by things that happened 400 years ago. Systemic racism TODAY does harm you. I think this is an important distinction that the premise of "reparations" obscures.

“Things” started 400 years ago and continue today. White supremacy has evolved over time but has always existed in various ways that harm black people. Even today.

Lot's of "things" started 400 or more years ago and continue today. Four hundred years ago, my ancestors were living in ghettos and forbidden to own property. Where is my reparation? Also 400 years ago, West Africans sold their fellow West Africans into slavery. So do you now collect from West African nations? Or, since black lives here are generally better than there, do you pay them? The wealth of every American today derived from land origonally owned by Indians. After we pay blacks for slavery, do we all give our land back to the Indians?

I could go on and on. I know a lot about history. I love to study it. It's mostly a story of misery, conflict and cruel mistakes. You'd be surprised what sort of things still have an effect today. It's good to learn about these things. But we can't make up for one single second of past misery. We can only fix the present.

If you know history, you should know that Native Americans believed that land owns man and not the other way around.

That doesn't mean they wanted to be forcibly moved, then or now.

How do you give land to a group of people that don't believe in land ownership? I'm sure a modern Native American would take it but the reason they were relocated was because their ancestors didn't lay claim to any ownership of the land they were living on.

Right, so because they didn't even believe in land ownership, that gave us a right to lay claim to their villages and hunting grounds, shoot them, push them ever westward, break treaties with them, and force them onto reservations where they rot in perpetual poverty.

But Oprah still deserves a cash payment, a free house or whatever.

Don't you see the ethical problem in trying to fix present problems using past claims?

But the past sins have "residual harm" that manifest as present problems.

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

So it is just a language issue for you? You are OK eliminating the wealth gap and "fixing residual issues" for black people as long as we don't mention the 400 years of atrocities?

I think it's great to talk about the history. And yes I am okay with correcting present inequalities. But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago. I have two reasons to avoid the linkage:
1) A PP is trying to argue that UMC blacks deserve reparations because they could have been in the 1% if history were different. Sorry no. If history were different, I too could have been in the 1%. So could everyone else. If you are economically successful today, you don't get cash just because you earned your money rather than inherited it. This is different from ending systemic racism, like when a rich black man is stopped for driving a BMW.
2) There is poverty among white people too. Less prevalent, less noticeable, less severe, but it exists. These people deserve help as well. It's not just racism that holds people back. There is also classism.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

This.

First of all, the US should pay significant reparations to 150+ countries around the world.

And of course return significant portions of its territory to Mexico, Russia, France and Spain.

Oh brother. Do Spain, France and Russia have to pay for their empires too? What about the UK? Do we have to reconstruct the Ottoman Empire, then smash it again? Does Mexico have to go back to the Aztecs? Does Spain have to return itself to the Muslims? Does Germany have to become part of France again, or do the decendants of the Franks have to return to Germany? Does Finland have to return itself to Russia, or does Russia have to return itself to Sweden? Is the Catholic Church entitled to get the Papal States back?

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:Again guys, please realize the Blacks never asked for reparations. The American Government suggested this. Blacks are simply asking for what’s owed to them from government.

What if you were promised something that you never received. Wouldn’t you fight for it?

Even if what you say is true, the fight that you wish for should have been fought by your ancestors not you more than a hundred years later.

Hard to fight when you are busy sharecropping, avoiding a lynching or having your town - Tulsa - destroyed.

+1

It's hard to fight injustice when you are fighting just to stay alive.

That is some SERIOUS gaslighting. "Sorry, you should have been fighting for justice back when you had even less power than you do today (which isn't much)."

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

How old do you think this country is?

Hint: the United States declared independence in 1776.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

400 years, did I not make that clear?

My point is that you don't get reparations for something that happened to dead people. What happened to them can't be repaired. You can get reparations for something that happened to you. Black people are being oppressed today. That is all that matters. It doesn't matter if you are oppressed for 1 day or for 400 years. It matters that it is happening today. Which means we are responsible to fix it, today.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

Ok, but black people face unique challenges in the US today because of the last 400 years of oppression.

Poor black people have more trauma and barriers than poor white people.

I disagree. They face unique challenges because of today's oppression. Is George Floyd dead because his great grandfather was a slave, or because a cop put a knee on his neck? Is it harder for a black person to buy a house today because of slavery or because they can't get a loan?
History may explain why these things happen, but it doesn't cause them. What we do right now causes today's problems. And the solutions are all right now as well.

Well, George Floyd wouldn't even be in Minneapolis if the US hadn't participated in chattel slavery. If he, his father, and grandfather had more opportunities then maybe he wouldn't have been an out-of-work bouncer who was possibly writing a forged check. If the US hadn't allowed white supremacy to flourish for centuries then perhaps the MPD wouldn't have had such a toxic, racist culture and officers like Chauvin would have been kicked out long ago. There are a series of historical atrocities that led to his death.

It's not just slavery - the issue is that the US has allowed white supremacy to go unchecked for centuries. Slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, etc. Those are all manifestations with "residual harm".

Certainly, black people DO face unique challenges in the US today because of the last 400 years of oppression.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

How old do you think this country is?

Hint: the United States declared independence in 1776.

Black people have been transported and oppressed in the Americas for longer than 400 years, but the transatlantic slave trade began in earnest when the first human cargo arrived in Virginia in 1619.
https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

How old do you think this country is?

Hint: the United States declared independence in 1776.

Black people have been transported and oppressed in the Americas for longer than 400 years, but the transatlantic slave trade began in earnest when the first human cargo arrived in Virginia in 1619.
https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/

Slavery started in Africa with......... you guessed it......... Africans.

That doesn’t mean here in US they have been pushed down relentless.

How do fix that? Reparations ain’t it. Nobody (including myself) is going to give up their job, status, wealth, pay more taxes, or any other measure you can come up with to fix what has been happening. Why should I!? I’m an immigrant who has worked hard to have what I have.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Yes, the key words are "present problems." Blacks in America today have problems today. So do poor whites. And immigrants. So lets fix what is front of us. We can't fix what is behind us.

Ok, but black people face unique challenges in the US today because of the last 400 years of oppression.

Poor black people have more trauma and barriers than poor white people.

I disagree. They face unique challenges because of today's oppression. Is George Floyd dead because his great grandfather was a slave, or because a cop put a knee on his neck? Is it harder for a black person to buy a house today because of slavery or because they can't get a loan?
History may explain why these things happen, but it doesn't cause them. What we do right now causes today's problems. And the solutions are all right now as well.

Well, George Floyd wouldn't even be in Minneapolis if the US hadn't participated in chattel slavery. If he, his father, and grandfather had more opportunities then maybe he wouldn't have been an out-of-work bouncer who was possibly writing a forged check. If the US hadn't allowed white supremacy to flourish for centuries then perhaps the MPD wouldn't have had such a toxic, racist culture and officers like Chauvin would have been kicked out long ago. There are a series of historical atrocities that led to his death.

It's not just slavery - the issue is that the US has allowed white supremacy to go unchecked for centuries. Slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, etc. Those are all manifestations with "residual harm".

Certainly, black people DO face unique challenges in the US today because of the last 400 years of oppression.

If the US hadn't participated in chattel slavery, he'd be in West Africa. Then what?

I'm not arguing with you about the history is. I am arguing about the meaning of it for today and what to do about it.

[Anonymous]

Too many variables:

1. Who gets it? All Black people, or just poor Black people? Do African immigrants get it? What about mixed race? DNA to determine the amount? Right here is an almost impossible task.

2. How much do they get? Per person. Per slave ancestor?

3. Who pays for it? Government? Go find the descendants of former slave owners? Many of them likely are dirt poor.

Until there are some answers to these questions that are reasonable, this can never and shouldn't happen.

[Anonymous]

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:

Anonymous wrote:But I have a serious problem with justifying correcting today's problems because of what happened 400 years ago.

Why do you repeatedly refer to “400 years ago”? Seems like an attempt to falsely create distance from the very recent atrocities in our country.

Because that's the justification for "reparations," in the article. The justification is that BECAUSE this has been going on for 400 years, black people are entitled to something. That's very different from saying George Floyd's family should be compensated or we should reform the police today.

Saying "because of what happened 400 years ago" is very different than "because of what has happened for the last 400 years" - and given how precise you are with language it appears that you are intentionally distancing the atrocities.

Over what time period do you think the US has systematically oppressed black people and done harm?

400 years, did I not make that clear?

My point is that you don't get reparations for something that happened to dead people. What happened to them can't be repaired. You can get reparations for something that happened to you. Black people are being oppressed today. That is all that matters. It doesn't matter if you are oppressed for 1 day or for 400 years. It matters that it is happening today. Which means we are responsible to fix it, today.

It's not just happening to dead people.

There is "residual harm" from all of the various forms of oppression that have happened over the last 400 years.

slavery - loss of language, religion, family, history, culture
Jim Crow - segregation, monuments to celebrate white supremacy
redlining - further segregation

Segregation has led to decreased wealth, health, education, opportunity, etc. -- measurable harm in almost all aspects of life.