Jesus' Historicity

Anonymous
I hear that the Lock Ness Monster is God. He isn't real, though.
Anonymous
Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.


They're not all secular historians, and the arguments have already been well laid out.

Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.


Which “secular historians”? Are you the PP who doesn’t know what secular means?
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Historians judge the historicity of any ancient figure (whether Jesus, Socrates, Hannibal, or an obscure rebel leader) using a consistent set of methodological tools and criteria. They do not require archaeological evidence, statues, or coins. Instead, they work with the evidence that actually survives from antiquity—almost all of it textual—and apply the following principles:

1. Multiple, Independent Attestation
The more independent sources that mention the person (especially if they are from different perspectives or hostile to each other), the stronger the case for historicity. Example for Jesus: At least 8–10 independent sources within ~100 years (Pauline letters, Mark, Q-source, Matthew, Luke-Acts, John, Hebrews, Josephus [2×], Tacitus, possibly Pliny the Younger/Suetonius). That is far more than for almost any other 1st-century Palestinian Jew.

2. Criterion of Embarrassment
Details that would have been inconvenient or embarrassing to the author are unlikely to be invented. Examples: Jesus baptized by John (implying subordination), crucified by Romans (a shameful death), denied by his disciples, family thinking he was crazy (Mark 3:21), etc.

3. Criterion of Dissimilarity (or Double Dissimilarity)
Sayings or actions that don’t easily fit either later Christian theology or contemporary Judaism are unlikely to be invented by the church.
Examples: “Render to Caesar…”, prohibition of divorce, associating with tax collectors and sinners, etc.

4. Coherence with Known Historical Context
Does the figure fit what we independently know about the time, place, language, culture, politics, and archaeology? Jesus fits 1st-century Galilean Judaism under Roman rule almost perfectly (Aramaic speaker, debates Torah, apocalyptic prophet, conflict with Pharisees and Temple authorities, executed under Pilate, etc.).

5. Principle of Analogy
Does the story resemble known patterns of human behavior and historical events?
Itinerant charismatic prophets who attract followers, clash with authorities, and get executed were extremely common in 1st-century Judea (Theudas, the Egyptian prophet, John the Baptist, etc.).

6. Early Dating of Sources
The closer the source is to the person’s lifetime, the better. Paul (writing 48–60 CE) already knows of Jesus’ crucifixion, brother James, and several disciples by name — within 15–30 years of the events. Mark ~70 CE, less than one lifetime later.

7. Hostile or Non-Christian Corroboration
Confirmation from sources that have no reason to be sympathetic. Josephus (Jewish, non-Christian) twice mentions Jesus (one passage partially corrupted, but core is accepted by almost all scholars). Tacitus (Roman pagan, hostile to Christians) in 115 CE confirms Jesus was executed under Pontius Pilate.

8. Effects and Rapid Spread (the “Big Bang” argument)
A historical figure often leaves a disproportionate “explosion” of evidence shortly after their death. Within 20–30 years a movement in Jesus’ name had spread from rural Galilee to Jerusalem, Antioch, Damascus, Corinth, Rome — with thousands of followers willing to die for the claim he had risen. That kind of rapid, explosive growth almost never happens around a purely mythical figure.

Alexander the Great: the earliest sources we have after his death is approximately 300 years. We have several independent sources and of course cities, coins, and statues of Alex. Historians are certain he existed.

Socrates: earliest sources are 10–40 years after his death (Plato, Xenophon, Aristophanes). We have 4+ independent sources for Socrates. We have zero archeological evidence. Historians are certain he existed.

Hannibal: earliest sources after his death are 50-150 years. We have 2-3 independent sources, zero direct archaeological evidence, and historians are certain he existed.

Pontius Pilate: earliest sources after his death are 30-60 years, (Philo, Josephus, Gospels, Tacitus) and 4 independent sources. We have one piece of archaeological evidence found in 1961, and historians are certain he existed.

Jesus of Nazareth: earliest sources after his death, 15-40 years. 8-10+ independent sources, no archaeological evidence, and his historicity in near universal among historians and scholars.


Virtually every professional historian (Christian, Jewish, atheist, agnostic) who studies the period accepts that Jesus existed. The very few who argue otherwise (the “Jesus mythicist” position) are generally not ancient historians and are treated like flat-earthers or Holocaust deniers within the academy.

In short: historians are not surprised we have no coins, statues, or inscriptions of Jesus. They are impressed we have as much early, diverse, and contextual evidence as we do for a 1st-century Galilean peasant preacher. By normal historical standards, the evidence for his existence is actually quite strong.

Why is dcum a hotbed of non-ancient historians espousing what is considered Holocaust denier levels of skepticism on this topic?

If you are reading this thread, just know that the people who are demanding delusional levels of proof for JC are really delusional. I don’t mean that as an insult; they just don’t know how professional historians and scholars work.

If you think that the only people who can objectively study the life of Jesus Christ are atheists raised in a sterile, religion free environment, I don’t want to sound like I am attacking anyone, but you are really wrong and ignorant about not only the historicity of JC, but the world of academia and scholarship. It’s really a disheartening thread, so many people are posting the most inaccurate and misleading information.


It’s interesting that you write about methodological principles while simultaneously failing to apply them rigorously to the evidence for Jesus. The mainstream consensus is built upon weak foundations and special pleading. The key error here is the assumption that the "normal historical standards" you cite actually favor a historical Jesus when applied with proper skepticism.

You argue that historians use consistent tools. This is true. The problem is that when these tools are applied without the underlying assumption that "Jesus must have existed," the evidence evaporates. Mainstream scholars typically fail to account for the unique nature of early Christian literature, which is inherently theological, allegorical, and rooted in scriptural interpretation, not historical biography.

Your “8–10 independent" sources within 100 years” is a profound misunderstanding of source dependencies. The Gospels are not independent. Mark influenced Matthew and Luke (the Synoptic Problem). John is a separate tradition but deeply theological. The "Q-source" is a hypothesis, not a physical document, and may be a collection of sayings used by Matthew and Luke. Grouping them as independent sources is fallacious. We have perhaps two or three lines of Christian tradition: Pauline, Markan, and Johannine.

Paul is crucial because he is early. But, his silence on earthly details is deafening. Paul never mentions any details that require an earthly, recent Jesus. He mentions a crucifixion, a burial, a resurrection, all details found in the scriptures and revealed through prophecy or visionary experience, within a celestial framework. He mentions a "brother James," which is an ecclesiastical title, not necessarily a biological relationship. Paul is excellent evidence for a celestial Jesus cult, but terrible evidence for a historical one.

Tacitus/Josephus - As discussed previously, Tacitus reflects Christian belief, not Roman records of an event fifty years prior. The Josephus passages are universally acknowledged to have Christian interpolations. The minimal historical core scholars try to salvage from them is guesswork, not robust evidence. The original Josephus likely said nothing about Jesus.

For Socrates, Plato and Xenophon are writing philosophical dialogues about a teacher they knew personally in living memory, not anonymous, post-resurrection propaganda written 40-70 years later by anonymous authors in different countries. The comparison is entirely fallacious.

As noted before, the criterion of embarrassment, assume the authors were writing history rather than theology or allegory. The alleged embarrassments served a specific literary or theological purpose for the original Markan. The dissimilar sayings often disappear in later gospels or are highly ambiguous, making them weak historical indicators.

The claim that Jesus "fits perfectly" is circular reasoning. The "1st-century Galilean Judaism under Roman rule" construct is largely derived from the Gospels themselves, supplemented by Josephus. Its creating a context from these sources, then using that context to validate the sources. This is poor methodology.

Your “Big Bang” argument - This is the weakest argument of all. A "mythical" figure cannot generate rapid growth? For example, the Cult of Asclepius rapidly spread across the Mediterranean with thousands of followers who believed they were healed by a divine figure. The ancient world was littered with mystery cults centered on celestial, saving gods who were believed to have existed in a mythic past and appeared in visions. Early Christianity spread because it offered attractive theological answers = salvation from sin plus reward of an afterlife. Witness how many people still buy the idea today. The idea spread, the narrative followed.

Please stop with your ad hominem attempts to link mythicism with holocaust deniers and flat earthers. That is not engaging in an honest debate.

The vast majority of scholars in the field were trained within institutions that presuppose Jesus' historicity. Biblical scholarship grew out of theology departments. To question the existence of the founder of the religion you are studying is often career suicide or intellectually disqualifying within the field. It is a consensus based on tradition, not necessarily a consensus that survives a truly neutral, external investigation.

Professional ancient historians, when they bother to look at the specific source problems of the Gospels and Paul with the same skepticism they apply to Romulus or Dionysus, often find the evidence much weaker than you suggest.

The evidence for Jesus is strong only if you desperately want it to be. By normal, rigorous historical standards applied without bias, the evidence is astonishingly weak.


+1. Well said and argued.
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.


Which “secular historians”? Are you the PP who doesn’t know what secular means?


No, it's the PP who knows when the person who's responding to them is trying to be insulting.
Anonymous
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Anonymous wrote:Why is atheism a fact and believing in God not a fact? Both are just opinions.
Is there proof there is no God? Tangible proof? Archaeological proof?

Also yapping about "angels"' is a red herring. Not all believers in God or the Christ take the Bible literally as fundamentalists. Not all are evangelicals. Not all are snake handlers either.


My point is atheists posting seem to overgeneralize and treat believers as homogeneous. And mock us all because some of us believe certain things.

One question I have is how do atheists cope with fear and uncertainty? I take comfort in affirmjng Divine Order in my life: wholeness, harmony, wisdom, abundance and peace. What if anything does an atheist do?


I know only one Jew who believes in God. They used to be a Christian. They converted. All the other jews I know tell me that they don't believe any of it.

This is exactly the reason why I think some people are believers - they are generally fearful and are uncomfortable with uncertainty. So they blindly accept fantastical stories that makes them feel better.


Are any atheists fearful? What do they do?

Or does the Atheist Handbook say fear comes from believing in God and without that, no need to be afraid?


Following on, to avoid further distractions to Jesus topic is there a link you can give that explains Atheism for Dummies? TIA.


Atheists don't believe in god(s). The end.


+1. And it's important for people to remember that there is a VERY big difference between not believing in a god and saying that an atheist KNOWS or even believes there IS NO GOD. We don't claim to know there is no god. We just don't believe in one. A PP said there is no difference between saying there is a god and an atheist saying there is no god. There is a very big difference.


Atheists don't really know that there is no GOd, just as religious people don't really know that there IS a god. I, however, an atheist - will often say that there is no God. I don't believe in God.


Believers don't all support organized religion in the form of churches, denominations, crazy TV charlatans, cults, whatever. I don't.


Good for you! I bet you think that you're going to live forever in heaven, though, right?



I bet you think every believer thinks heaven is an actual place.
I bet you think every believer thinks that an afterlife is up in the sky.
I bet you think that believers are Christians.



You mean to say that you don't think heaven exists? That it's not up in the sky? that Christians don't believe in God?


Do try to read carefully. Jews believe in God. Jews aren't Christians.


I know only one Jew who believes in God. They used to be a Christian. They converted. All the other jews I know tell me that they don't believe any of it.


BS Jews absolutely believe in God. They do not believe in Jesus as any type of God.

Go back to the hole you climbed out of idiot.



Some Jews believe in God. Some don't
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:With his alleged birthday coming up, let's discuss the person that is being celebrated. Present your information and argument for Jesus, fact or fiction.


Jesus was made up -- not of whole cloth, because a messiah was predicted. But those were the olden days, before modern science and running water and a bunch of stuff that we now take for granted.

Kids can't imagine life without the internet. Neither can I! Remember those old movies where people would wait impatiently for the mailman to come?


No he was not made up. His existence and the words he spoke have been proven. What is likely made up is that he was the son of God. Probably not. Then again, how did such an extraordinary person come to have such extraordinary advice on how to be a good person?

In any event he was an amazing man and if we all followed his teachings the world would be a better place.



except the ones that are not "amazing". Like family division, the belief we are all born damaged and sinners needing his blood for forgiveness, eternal punishment, renouncing all of your money to follow him....we could do without those. We can definitely be good humans without this person.
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:So where did the religion come from. A bunch of people started writing stories about stuff supposedly happening in the past and they all collaborated on common themes?
How did they decide on what those were, making it all up from scratch?
And being willing to die for it to lend credence? Props to them.



The same way stories were written about Zeus and Thor. Jesus just had a VERY good marketing team. With all of the research into the development of Christianity, this is the conclusion I have come to. And because of the power of indoctrination, it really isn't hard to start that ball rolling in the right direction. One generation of people being "forced" or coerced in some way to teach/believe the doctrine is all it takes to change history and end up where we are today...with so many people completely convinced that this is all real.
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:So where did the religion come from. A bunch of people started writing stories about stuff supposedly happening in the past and they all collaborated on common themes?
How did they decide on what those were, making it all up from scratch?
And being willing to die for it to lend credence? Props to them.



The same way stories were written about Zeus and Thor. Jesus just had a VERY good marketing team. With all of the research into the development of Christianity, this is the conclusion I have come to. And because of the power of indoctrination, it really isn't hard to start that ball rolling in the right direction. One generation of people being "forced" or coerced in some way to teach/believe the doctrine is all it takes to change history and end up where we are today...with so many people completely convinced that this is all real.


Original inquiry was answered by 12/11/2025 15:36 post
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:So where did the religion come from. A bunch of people started writing stories about stuff supposedly happening in the past and they all collaborated on common themes?
How did they decide on what those were, making it all up from scratch?
And being willing to die for it to lend credence? Props to them.



The same way stories were written about Zeus and Thor. Jesus just had a VERY good marketing team. With all of the research into the development of Christianity, this is the conclusion I have come to. And because of the power of indoctrination, it really isn't hard to start that ball rolling in the right direction. One generation of people being "forced" or coerced in some way to teach/believe the doctrine is all it takes to change history and end up where we are today...with so many people completely convinced that this is all real.


Peter
Crucified in Rome around 66 AD under Nero. Tradition claims he requested upside-down crucifixion, feeling unworthy to die like Jesus.

James (son of Zebedee)
First apostle martyred; beheaded by King Herod in Jerusalem (Acts 12).

John
Only apostle not martyred. Suffered persecution but died naturally in old age while ministering around Ephesus (modern Turkey).

Andrew
Preached in regions now Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, and Greece. Martyred in Greece.

Philip
Ministered in North Africa and Asia Minor. Martyred (method disputed) after a Roman official’s wife converted through his preaching. Possible recent tomb discovery.

Bartholomew (Nathanael)
Traveled widely (possibly India, Armenia, Ethiopia region). Martyred, though details uncertain.

Matthew (Levi)
Former tax collector; preached in Iran and Ethiopia. Likely stabbed to death in Africa.

Thomas
Overcame initial doubt; preached in Syria, Iraq, and India (founder of Marthoma tradition). Stabbed by soldiers in India.

James (son of Alphaeus)
Possibly Matthew’s brother. Preached north of Israel; stoned and clubbed to death (per historical account). Also called James the Less/Younger.

Simon the Zealot
Details unclear due to competing traditions. Majority view: sawn in half in Persia.

Philip (distinct from the earlier Philip)
Preached in Phrygia (central Turkey); martyred in Hierapolis.

Judas Thaddaeus (Jude)
Known by multiple names (Thaddaeus, Judas brother of James). Preached in northern Syria, Iraq, and Turkey. Killed with arrows.

Matthias (replacement for Judas Iscariot)
Preached northward, possibly to Caspian Sea region. Martyred (method unclear).

Paul (not one of the original 12, but key apostle)
Endured beatings, stoning, shipwrecks, and imprisonment. Beheaded in Rome around 66 AD, possibly same time as Peter.
Anonymous
I totally get where you’re coming from with your research on Jesus being a myth—it’s interesting stuff, and I respect that you’ve put thought into it and that everyone’s entitled to their own views.

That said, I’ve looked into this a bit too, and the overwhelming consensus among professional historians and scholars of antiquity (people with PhDs in ancient history, classics, and New Testament studies who’ve spent decades rigorously studying primary sources in original languages) is that a historical Jesus—a Jewish preacher from 1st-century Galilee who was baptized by John and crucified under Pontius Pilate—did exist.

This includes secular, agnostic, atheist, Jewish, and Christian experts alike; virtually none of them consider the full myth theory credible. They see it as a fringe position, like young-earth creationism in biology or flat-earth in geography—not because of bias, but because the evidence (Paul’s early letters, independent Gospel traditions, mentions in Josephus and Tacitus, etc.) points strongly to a real person behind the later stories.

These scholars have unbelievably rigorous training and apply the same critical methods to Jesus as to any other ancient figure (like Socrates or Tiberius), and they’re far more qualified than either of us to weigh the evidence.

I’m not trying to change your mind or argue—I just wanted to share why I’m personally convinced by the expert consensus on this specific question (whether he existed as a human, not whether he was divine or did miracles—that’s a totally separate theological issue).
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.


Which “secular historians”? Are you the PP who doesn’t know what secular means?


No, it's the PP who knows when the person who's responding to them is trying to be insulting.


So which “secular historians”?
Anonymous
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:
Anonymous wrote:Re-upping to see if our historicity defender will actually come back and engage in a real discussion and not cower away in other threads and make claims without the full context of the arguments.

If you think your position is true, why be afraid to engage?


Write a scholarly paper if you think the mainstream view of secular historians is wrong.


Which “secular historians”? Are you the PP who doesn’t know what secular means?


No, it's the PP who knows when the person who's responding to them is trying to be insulting.


So which “secular historians”?


The overwhelming consensus among professional historians, biblical scholars, and experts in ancient history is that Jesus of Nazareth was a real historical figure—a 1st-century Jewish preacher from Galilee who was baptized by John the Baptist and crucified under Pontius Pilate.     

This view is held by scholars across the spectrum, including Christians, atheists, agnostics, Jews, and others, based on evidence from early Christian texts (like Paul’s letters, which reference Jesus as a human who had a brother and was executed), the Gospels (treated as biographical traditions with historical cores), and non-Christian sources like the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus.  

The idea that Jesus was entirely mythical (known as the “Christ myth theory” or Jesus mythicism) is a fringe position, rejected as pseudoscholarship or methodologically flawed by virtually all experts in the field for over a century—it has no traction in peer-reviewed journals, academic handbooks, or mainstream historical discourse.   

There are a small handful of individuals with academic credentials in relevant fields (such as ancient history, biblical studies, or religious studies) who argue against Jesus’ historicity or express strong agnosticism about it. These are outliers, often criticized by peers for relying on arguments from silence, selective interpretations of sources, superficial parallels to pagan myths (e.g., Horus or Mithras), and outdated methodologies that don’t align with standard historical criteria like multiple attestation or embarrassment.

Many mythicists lack institutional affiliations or come from outside core disciplines like classics or New Testament studies, and their work is often self-published or appears in non-academic venues. Even proponents like Richard Carrier (a mythicist himself) acknowledge that only a tiny fraction of qualified scholars hold this view, estimating around a dozen who outright doubt historicity or are agnostic, with others merely saying it’s “plausible” to debate but not endorsing it.

Richard Carrier (PhD in ancient history from Columbia University): An independent scholar and full mythicist who argues Jesus was a celestial being mythologized into a historical figure, using Bayesian probability to claim a low likelihood of historicity. His work, like On the Historicity of Jesus (2014), has undergone peer review but is widely dismissed by mainstream scholars call his work deeply flawed. Richard is a professional historian by training, but his mythicist stance is considered fringe.

Robert M. Price (PhDs in systematic theology and New Testament from Drew University): A former Baptist pastor and independent scholar who views Jesus as a composite of myths and archetypes, with the Gospels as allegorical fiction. Books like The Christ-Myth Theory and Its Problems (2011) promote this, but peers regard it as outside scholarly norms. He qualifies as a professional in biblical studies, though his views are not taken seriously in academia.

Thomas L. Thompson (PhD in biblical studies from the University of Tübingen; professor emeritus at the University of Copenhagen): A biblical minimalist who expresses agnosticism or skepticism, arguing Jesus (like David) draws from Near Eastern myths without warrant for historicity. Works like The Messiah Myth (2005) support this, but he’s more focused on Old Testament and doesn’t fully deny a possible historical kernel.    He is a respected professional in his field, but his Jesus-related skepticism is fringe.

Raphael Lataster (PhD in religious studies from the University of Sydney): An independent scholar and lecturer who leans mythicist or agnostic, claiming evidence for historicity is probabilistically weak. His Questioning the Historicity of Jesus (2019) is peer-reviewed, but critics see it as unconvincing. He has professional credentials, but his position remains marginal.

Thomas Brodie (PhD in biblical studies from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas; retired Dominican priest and scholar): Argues the Gospels are fictional rewritings of Old Testament stories, with Jesus as a composite myth. His memoir Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus (2012) outlines this, but it’s not widely accepted. He is a professional biblical scholar, though his mythicist turn is atypical.

George A. Wells (philosophy background, deceased; later softened to agnosticism) or Earl Doherty (no relevant PhD), lack strong credentials in ancient history or are amateurs.   

In short, yes, these individuals are “truly professionals” in the sense of having advanced degrees and some publishing history in related fields, but their mythicist views are not credible to the broader academic community—often likened to flat-earth theories or young-earth creationism in terms of evidential support.

Emphasis here: you are welcome to your own research and opinion on this topic or any topic, but you should also recognize your view is not accepted by professional historians/academics/scholars without belittling/disparaging/attacking them as unprofessional or ignorant.

You don’t have their education or expertise and can’t read the sources in the original language as they can. We all have opinions and a right to express them, but the Christ myth is considered extremely fringe.

Most people look to experts that are accredited and respected in every field, and stating anonymous that you are equal to these experts is delusional. That being said, no one here has to prove this to you, it’s already accepted. If you choose not to accept it, that’s your pov.

No one is trying to change anyone’s mind about this subject, but it’s always pertinent and responsible to know what experts think and why they think that, and compare their findings with other experts. These experts agree that Christ walked the earth.

You could enter academia and scholarship and gain credibility and credentials so you could enter the ring (where it counts) and change the overwhelming majority position about Jesus historicity. If I felt as strongly about it as many here do, I wouldn’t waste my time arguing with strangers on the internet. Use your knowledge and become a scholar or professor and show the world the truth as you interpret it, get peer reviewed, learn those languages first though.
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