DOJ and DHS both say don't shoot at moving vehicles. From the NYT artcle (Gift link:
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/07/us/minnesota-shooting-ice?unlocked_article_code=1.ClA.rGsK.HSjbpkL5L6ms&smid=url-share)
"The Justice Department has long warned that officers should not fire at moving cars and has encouraged departments to forbid it. The department’s own use-of-force policy says that agents may not fire at a moving car that is threatening them unless “no other objectively reasonable means of defense appear to exist, which includes moving out of the path of the vehicle.”
A Department of Homeland Security use-of-force policy dated 2018, during the first Trump administration, says officers “are prohibited from discharging firearms at the operator of a moving vehicle, vessel, aircraft or other conveyance unless the use of deadly force against the operator is justified.”"
From the same article:
"Geoffrey Alpert, an expert on police use of force at the University of South Carolina, reviewed a video that captured the shooting at the request of The New York Times. “The way you evaluate this is you look to see what’s the imminent threat to life, and there is none,” he said. “She’s leaving.”
“Look at the wheels on the car, they are turning to the right, and all he has to do is step out of the way,” he said, referring to the federal agent. “She’s jacking the wheels all the way to the right.”
“This is what we call officer-created jeopardy,” Mr. Alpert added, noting that the first agent to approach the car had escalated the situation, whereas local police officers are generally trained to de-escalate tense confrontations.
Jeremy Bauer, a forensics expert in Seattle who has testified in police shooting cases, also reviewed the video. He noted that the officer who fired his gun is obscured at certain points, making it hard to tell whether the car had ever made contact with him. The officer is positioned in front of the car before it starts to turn, he said. And the street was slippery with ice, giving the officer less control of his footing.
That the officer fired more than once was also significant, Dr. Bauer said. “If you’re able to keep aiming at something that is moving by you, then you have some innate knowledge that it’s moving by you and not running over you,” he said."