I'm not an expert, but I took some parenting courses and try to do things based on my own childhood experience. I grew up with zero self-esteem and I struggle with this till this day. Things I *try* do with my kid
• Catch him doing good things
• Praise the effort not just the outcome
• Validate sad/angry feelings, sit with them in sadness, explain that you're here, rather than tell them to get over it.
• Encourage independence, if they think they're ready to go across the street to CVS, let them. I monitored the first couple of times then let them go on their own now.
• Give them a sense of pride in their work: I saw you used that word, that is a good word, where did you learn it? Or I saw you tried to solve that math question in a very creative way—even if he got the answer wrong--I really like how you thought about it.
• Give them a sense of pride in how they look and their sense of fashion. Oh, I like that haircut you chose, how did you choose it? Or this is a cool combo for an outfit. I also let him choose his own clothes and shoes and so on unless they’re absolutely awful for the environment, washing, or my pockets, then I put my foot down.