Don't feel dumb, op.
First, ask the daycare teacher to explain to you what she thinks your daughter should know. It isn't acceptable that the teacher dump on you and then fail to provide you with any positive steps you can take. I may even bring this up to the teacher's boss, though depending on the daycare, the teacher's boss may defend the teacher more then help you and your kid.
To answer your specific question, the library is a great resource. You can find, or you can ask the librarians to obtain an age appropriate book on just about any subject. You can also ask your daughter questions about what she thinks. People love to talk about what interests them.
If your daughter has an interest in something, you can take her places that focus on the interest, many are around here and can be done as day trips on a Saturday.
Mostly, you just need to love your kids, spend time with them, and listen to them.
If it helps any, I have three kids. I am totally blind. Colors are something I find difficult to teach. I only care about them in the context of something else, I don't want to wear something that is "puke green" because puke is gross, just like I wouldn't want to wear anything that is "poop brown".
I didn't learn until I was in my 30's that strawberries are red. My husband and kids are sighted, most of the people I know are sighted, and the color of strawberries just never came up. My life was fine before I knew that, and it's fine now. A good teacher will understand your reference points and your experience and be ok with it. My middle daughter got her teacher assignment and when we went to meet the teacher they were talking about objects that were red. I said to my daughter and the teacher "Mommy didn't know strawberries are red until after I had graduated college". The teacher said "That makes sense". Your kid's teacher could probably use some sensitivity, especially if you are concerned enough to post online about your concerns and more importantly feeling dumb about what you don't know. No human should ever make you feel that way, especially an authority figure.
I have another daughter that likes to draw. I am totally blind, and have been all my life, so drawing and how it works isn't intuitive to me. I don't understand for example how a picture of a person and a dog can be a portrait or a cartoon. I know they both take skill to create, but I have no idea how somebody looking at the picture says "That's a real pretty portrait" or "That's a nice cartoon". What I can do is encourage her to draw, let her teachers know that's what she likes, buy her supplies, teach her about math and again let her know I love her. People who can see her drawings are impressed, and she's won some awards at school, so I must be doing something right.
I also can't teach print letter reading, and my drawing daughter likes to read to the point that one of her youth leaders at church took me aside and asked me to tell her not to bring books to the activities. I knew she was bringing books, I just didn't know the youth leader was justifiably upset about it. Again, I encourage reading, I read a lot too, in Braille, we talk about the books we read and things seem to be fine.
You can learn a lot from your kids, and they can learn a lot from you. Know that the daycare teacher has a staff and works in an environment where she has nothing to do all day but look smart to your kid. There are also things she can't teach your kid, at least not in the depth you can. My preschooler and I got into watching Chasing The Moon (on PBS) after we'd go swimming. She wanted to lie in bed and cuddle with me, and I wanted to watch that series, so I told her that's what we'd be doing. Her preschool teacher was wonderful, but no way could she have that experience with any of her students. It wouldn't be appropriate for that teacher to lie in bed with them, and she didn't have the time in the day, or the evening to take one student aside and go in depth with them about a personal interest. I care very deeply about rocketry, so this series was right up my alley.
Often teachers, especially those without children have no idea what it is like to be a mother. Many of them have a very rough time once they do become mothers. My kid needed to rest after the pool, I needed to rest after the pool, she was being very clingy and the best way I knew to get us rest was to get in bed and watch some of the series together.
Realize that you are the only mother your daughter has, and there is way more to mothering then what you know and don't know.