Fastest growing trees around here, that aren't trash trees, are maples, tulip poplars and crape myrtles. Don't plant another silver maple, plant a sugar maple, awesome fall color, not prone to breakage etc. all maples wil be more difficult to plant under, but certainly not impossible.
Other great trees for this area - magnolias, big ones like grandiflora and small ones like m. virginiana. Nyssa sylvatica, Black gums, are gorgeous, have amazing fall color. Don't know if you care about wildlife, but oaks are the most important trees for wildlife. White swamp oaks and pin oaks are a good choice, they now breed sweet gums that don't have prickly balls. Ginkgo balboa Princeton sentry is a fantastic tree - just make sure to get a male to avoid the fruit.
Three season trees are redbuds (cercis canadensis), crab apples, hawthorn (they noe make thornless ones) and of corse evergreens like hollies.
Some Japanese maples (Bloodgood) grow quite tall, although not the fastest growers.
Behnkes in Potomac is having a half-off trees sale, I think it ends today. Now is the best time to plant a tree. Go for it!