Two possible options.
I have a Google Pixel, so I don't know if this will work for you or not. Go to your account on your carrier's website and look at your call/text history. Verizon shows a list of all incoming and outgoing texts. You can find the number that way. Next, go in your message app and start a new text to that number. My phone automatically shows the past text history whenever I do that, even if I deleted that thread of messages. You don't have to actually hit send. Just typing in the box causes the old messages to pop up.
Your other option is to try installing a different text app. I switched from the default one to Textra, and when I hit "make default" all of my old messages carried over to the new one including recently deleted messages.