I am from Perth.
In terms of climate/geography, I've heard it compared to San Diego. It's warm and dry, hot in summer, and definitely a coastal town.
There's a lot of sprawl -- houses are far apart and it's definitely car-oriented and hard to live there without a car.
Schools are excellent. There's some disparity by geographical region but nothing at all like the disparities in the US. Expect school uniforms in public schools (and for elementary kids, "no hat no play" -- kids are required to wear hats for sun protection when they play outside). Schools have a lot more break time than in the US -- expect at least 3 free play periods per day.
Workplace culture is much more laid back, too. People take coffee breaks. And vacations.
PP mentioned Margaret River -- the entire SW corner is really beautiful and worth exploring. Wineries, virgin forest, white-sand beaches, all within a few hours' drive.
To orient yourself to the city, think of it as divided north/south by the river. Downtown is on the north side, right on the river; just north of that is Northbridge, which is the nightclub district. Fremantle is at the river mouth, mostly on the south side. It's the port. If you have any idea of where you'll be working, I can recommend some neighborhoods to look at schools/housing.