OP, I think if you are getting a dog, you have to be prepared to walk the dog in any/all weather.
That said, there are actually times when you really can't stay out long with certain breeds of dog in certain weather. For example, when it's 95 degrees with 95 percent humidity, you can hardly take a large, furry breed dog out for long. Or in really icy conditions. Or even taking a small dog out in extreme cold. So there are times when you are really just taking the dog out to do his/her business and come back in.
It is ideal, in that case, to then take the dog somewhere indoors to compensate for the very brief walk. My suggestion is to find a petsmart or petco nearby. You can take your dog and walk up and down the aisles. It gives them some walking time and stimulation in controlled temperatures to offset the shorter "just to pee/poop" walks.
There are also some facilities with pools where dogs can have swim time. You can google them. It might be expensive.
Another option is some people do dog agility courses, and I believe there are some indoor agility courses around, but you'd have to google. I'm not sure what the cost is.
My point is that daily (twice daily) outdoor walks are preferable for dogs, but there are times when weather conditions are extreme and you might not be able to do a full walk. It's nice to identify some places to take your dog.
Petsmart and Petco are free to visit

So it's a nice option when you feel like outdoor time is limited.