I know that in some of the private companies I've worked at, that they will post a range, but candidates need certain criteria to qualify for higher end. For example, one position may post a range of $85-150K but those without advanced degrees are limited to $85-100K, those with MS in an applicable field (we're in Science and Engineering, so a Masters in any of the arts or social sciences would not be applicable, but math, tech, IT, engineering, sciences, etc would be) would be eligible for up to about $125 and those with PhDs in an applicable field would be eligible for the full range. For the specifics, they would discuss prior salary, years of applicable experience, etc to determine where to make the offer. But those without the right criteria would not be eligible for higher salaries regardless of the negotiation.