Autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, etc are multifactorial diseases, meaning they have a genetic, hereditary component as well as an environmental component.
In a family where some members are on the spectrum, the non-affected members can carry the genetic propensity without their knowledge and pass it on to future children.
In DH's family, one of his nephews was diagnosed with Asperger's but has loads of other issues, one of them probably ADD, while another nephew is undiagnosed but clearly has ADD and other things, maybe a mild form of high-functioning autism. DH is ADD, as am I. Our son was diagnosed with ADD at a young age but I suspect he also has a form of HFA.
There are also auto-immune disorders on both sides, ranging from serious eczema to Multiple Sclerosis.