OP. Thanks, everyone. We do purina pro ID canned food, and it has helped digestion quite a bit -- except for the couple of days, roughly twice a month, that are a mess. I work at home so can get the dog outside most of the time, but it's definitely stressful for all of us.
Not a chihuahua, btw, a border collie/aussie.
At our most recent visit, the vet did suggest Fortiflora probiotic, so we started that 1x/day last week. I can't yet tell if it helps.
Will ask about Metronidazole and the proviable paste. I think Metronidazole is what they've given him when he is unwell enough that he's needed fluids. Maybe we need to have a stash on hand?
Before this thread, I'd been thinking that the cyclical nature of whatever was happening was somehow internal -- I had been researching if there are bodily systems that unfold biweekly in an old dog. But I couldn't find any good potential causes. So I appreciate the reframe that it might be something that's happening externally, like food or cleaning products or something. Although I can't think of anything offhand (house is cleaned every week, not every 2 weeks, for example), I'm going to start paying more attention. (Like, could our semi-regular habit of bringing in Indian takeout have anything to do with it, if we aren't actually giving the food to the dog? Something like that?)
Thinking and watching. Appreciate the insights and recommendations. If any of these things help, or if we figure it out, I'll update.