It is actually pretty simple. The amount of funding per student provided by the state of Maryland is based on a formula that looks at things like special needs, poverty and ELS —-
https://marylandpublicschools.org/stateboard/Documents/2023/0328/FY24ProposedEducationFunding-FY24BudgetBill.pdf. The money Maryland provides must be used as allocated.
Schools that house more students with special needs, in poverty or needing ELS services get more more funding from the state of Maryland since the school will need to spend more money on services.
Money from the county is also distributed based on formulas but that has more to do with student enrollment numbers.
I don’t trust MCPS but spend per student is very regulated. BCC has a low spend per student since they have a low number of students who are Special Ed, Farms or ELS.